- Conversion Of Manual Mis Into Computerised Mis
- Conversion Of Manual Mis Into Computerised Missing
- Manual Mis A Jour Pour Htc Desire 820 Dual Sim
- Conversion Of Manual Mis Into Computerised Miss
- Conversion Of Manual Mis Into Computerized Mis
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Difference Between Manual And Computerised Information System MIS stands for Management Information Systems: the software and hardware that meaning that a business would fail if it had to go back to manual accounting. Manual and Computerized Information Systems. An information system can be: E-commerce: Any business transaction. Data processing is simply the conversion of raw data to meaningful information through a process. Input is the task where verified data is coded or converted into. Introduction to Computer Information Systems/Information Systems. From Wikibooks, open books for an open world Introduction to Computer Information Systems. Jump to navigation Jump to search. As well as to convert printed documents into electronic form so they can be processed or archived electronically.
There's a thing about technology that's easy to forget: You don't always need to use it. You can still buy your groceries from a list on a notepad, you can still get where you're going with a paper map instead of a GPS and you can keep your company's books in actual books instead of an accounting program. It may seem counterintuitive, but for many small businesses, a manual accounting system is the practical, pragmatic option.
Ease of Setup and Entry
A traditional manual system would typically use one ledger each for receivables, payables and sales, and then consolidate those figures into one general ledger. You can either set them up yourself or have a bookkeeper do it for you, but either way, it can be done in an afternoon. Once everything is ready, you just need to sit down at closing time to enter the day's transactions, or – if you prefer – sit down the next morning to enter the previous day's transactions.
A computerized system can take longer to set up, although your accountant probably does it on a regular basis and can tweak a standardized set of accounts to fit your business's needs. Once the accounts are set up, you'll need to either learn how to use the software or hire someone who's got experience with it. Paper ledgers can potentially get you up and running more quickly, which is a small win for manual systems.
Transparent Error Correction
You can make a case for either manual or computerized systems when it comes to fixing errors in your books. With a paper ledger, you'll be able to simply erase and overwrite any inaccurate entries, or cover them with correction fluid. It's quick, it's easy and the corrections are self-evident. Computerized accounting systems don't show physical corrections and erasures like paper ledgers do, so instead, they have built-in safeguards to create an audit trail from any changes. That can make corrections more time-consuming, but it means you'll have a solid paper trail.
Everything at a Glance
Generating informative reports and graphs is one of the strengths of computerized accounting, but creating those reports and graphs isn't always the simplest process. With a paper ledger, remembering how to conjure up the figures you need is never a problem. Just open the appropriate ledger to its current page, and the numbers are right in front of your eyes. For a small business with modest numbers of transactions, a manual system can be simpler, but as you grow, you'll appreciate the more powerful reporting features of a software-based system.
Data Security and Access
How long has it been since you last read a news story about a company's data being stolen or compromised? A day? A week? If your accounting systems are connected to the internet, they're vulnerable to hacking, and even standalone computers can fail. Unless you back up your data diligently, either to other computers or the cloud, you could be in real trouble.
Paper ledgers can be less problematic. Data security is a simple matter of locking them up at night in a fireproof and waterproof safe, though it's still prudent to keep a second set of books in a separate location in case of a natural disaster or another catastrophe. That gives a slight security advantage to manual systems – you'll never get hacked – but with computerized systems, you'll have access to your accounting data even when you're on the road, which is a major advantage of automation.
Size Matters
The two big issues with manual accounting are accuracy and growth. When numbers have to be manually added to ledgers and then transferred between them, you're creating the potential for errors. You can minimize errors by using the so-called 'one write' systems, which copy your entries onto the underlying pages so you don't have to re-enter them, but mistakes will still creep in.
Time is another factor. Manual accounting is an efficient answer for small companies, but as your business grows, entering transactions manually will begin to sap more and more of your time. Even if a manual system makes the most sense for you today, you should keep one eye on the future and have a plan in place to transition to a computerized system when the time comes.
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About the Author
Fred Decker learned business fundamentals at second hand as an insurance and mutual funds broker, and at firsthand as a retail store manager and the chef/proprietor of his own restaurants. He has written hundreds of business-related articles for sites including Zacks.com, Chron.com, Vitamix.com, Bizfluent and GoBankingRates and many others. He was educated at Memorial University of Newfoundland and the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology.
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Read this article to learn about the internal control in accounting system.
Controls in Manual Accounting System:
1. Independent reconciliation of external data like using bank statement to reconcile to the company’s bank account or using external supplier statement of account to reconcile with individual creditor account;
2. Using Control or Total Account;
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3. Review of the Trial balance to ensure debit is equal to credit.
Controls in Computerized Accounting System:
1. Proper transaction authorization:
Input controls needs to be instituted like input data needs to be verified for accuracy and completeness by a person different from the one who is keying in the data.
2. Besides the above input control, there should be processing and output controls to ensure integrity of the transaction data intact.
3. No authorized access to computer files, data, etc.:
All should be kept under lock and key and proper log is maintained.
4. Uses of pass word control to access data.
Storage of Data in Files:
In a computer system any information, which is required to be stored in a secondary storage medium must be in the form of a file. A file consists of a collection of records of the same context.
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A record comprises information about an entity and/or event pertaining to the organization as, for example, a purchase, a sale, an employee, etc. All data processing systems use certain data items, which are to a greater extent, permanent in nature.
Even if changes occur, they occur very largely. Name, address, date of birth etc., are some examples of such data items. Most data processing systems, therefore, store these data in a separate file, which is called a Master file.
The Transaction files are those files where data are frequently fed into, to update the data availability. The items that are stored in a master file are not keyed in again and again in transactions.
For example, once the name or date of birth of employees is stored in a master file, they are retrieved from there as when required for any program. Since such data items are entered and stored to be used respectively repetitively in different programs at various points of items.
Once wrong data is stored in a master file, all the outputs in which they appear will contain wrong information. Hence, it is important to ensure the accuracy of data in master files
Data Processing:
The work done by a computer is termed as data processing. The computer processes the data into meaningful information. This information forms the basis for further action to be initiated by the user or computer itself.
The documents from which the data are taken out for processing is called source documents, say for example, ledgers. The various types of data used in a computer are numeric data, character data, or alphabetic data, alphanumeric data and logical data.
Data processing involves the following functions:
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1. Input/output invoicing, Recording, coding, storing, selecting, etc.
2. Data transformation involving calculation, summarization, sorting, merging, etc.
3. Information output like display, reproduction, telecommunication, etc.
Data Processing Methods:
There are three methods of data processing. They are Batch processing, On-line processing, and Real time processing.
(1) Batch Processing:
The term batch processing applies to those situations where similar types of transactions are collected to a cutoff point and then grouped to form a batch for processing.
It involves the following two essential steps:
1. Sorting of the transaction data in the same sequence as existing in the master file, and
2. Updating of records in the master file.
The sorting and updating process are carried out using record keys. The records so sequenced are processed serially one after another. Hence, batch processing is also termed as sequential file processing.
Typically, it is carried out in several stages, each stage requiring a separate computer run. The final output is available to the user only after the last run.
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(2) On-line Processing:
Under this method telecommunication equipment replaces the manual collection of records, as in batch processing and data entry takes place on-line. It is also known as direct access or non-sequential method of file processing.
This method has two basic requirements as follows:
1. Terminal at various locations connected and controlled by a central computer.
2. Storage of records on direct access media likes disks, to that the computer can randomly access the required records.
(3) Real-time Processing:
Under this method the data relating to each individual transaction, received through the telecommunication line, is treated as batch, and the processed results are communicated back instantaneously.
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It enables to make decisions on the basis of latest information. https://tefecquidi.tistory.com/2. This method is suitable where the processed information is required immediately and the on-line processing method is considered very slow.
This method is also called as transaction processing. The time taken by the system to respond to an input of data and the display of the required updated information is termed response time.
The basic requirements of this method are as follows:
1. Large memory to accommodate software and operating system requirements
Conversion Of Manual Mis Into Computerised Mis
2. Large disk memory
3. Stand by facilities to take care of such events as system
4. Complex communication system
5. Maintenance of audit trails, as well as security of program and data.
Data Coding:
Coding is a convenient representation of each value of an item of data. It is done in order to make the communication possible between a computer and the user.
The data is coded in such a way that is understandable to the computer and the information supplied by the computer through data processing is decoded in the form understandable to the user.
The coding is done in order to convert numeric and alphanumeric information in terms of binary digits 0 and 1 and to transmit correct data to the computer. Though the binary codes are less intelligible to a person, it is more useful for the computer. The codes and data can be cross-referenced.
The basic requirements of data coding are as follows:
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1. The code should be designed to identify the characteristic of the item of the data it represents.
2. Each code should represent one and only one value of the data.
3. The code should be as compact as possible to minimize storage requirements.
4. The code should be so designed as to be secure in the case of sensitive data and not amenable to conversion back to the original data.
5. The code should be so designed to minimize errors in hounding.
6. The code must contain sufficient ciphers to represent all possible values of the data.
Advantages of Data Coding:
1. Codes occupy less computer storage space.
2. Coding enables to save time in entering the data.
3. It helps to save time and cost in data transmission.
Conversion Of Manual Mis Into Computerised Missing
4. It reduces the chances of error in entering the data.
Manual Mis A Jour Pour Htc Desire 820 Dual Sim
5. Yamaha 01x digital mixer. It facilitates classification, grouping and selection of data.
Conversion Of Manual Mis Into Computerised Miss
6. Coding provides consistency and unique identification for data entries.
Conversion Of Manual Mis Into Computerized Mis
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